ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Alcohol consumption has been observed to be a contributing factor in liver damage. However, very few studies have tried to decipher the correlation between patients with liver disease and alcohol consumption. Therefore, this study was planned to determine the prevalence of alcohol consumption among patients with liver disease, and to evaluate the risk factors, liver diseases, and chronic medical conditions associated with alcohol drinking.@*METHODS@#A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients with liver disease in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities across China. All participants answered the questionnaire, which led to the calculation of Alcohol Use Disorders Inventory Test (AUDIT) score for each patient. Based on this score, low-risk drinkers, hazardous drinkers, and harmful drinkers were defined as having AUDIT score of <8, between 8 and 15, and ≥16, respectively.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1489 participants completed the questionnaire. Based on this information, 900 (60.44%) participants were classified as alcohol drinkers. Among these, 8.66% were ex-drinkers, 22.10% were low-risk drinkers, 17.13% were hazardous drinkers, and 12.56% were harmful drinkers. Further investigation of the association between alcohol consumption and other baseline characteristics of patients with liver disease revealed that usually men <40 years old, participants having higher family annual income, having college degree or higher education, living alone, having higher body mass index (BMI), current smokers, and ex-smokers had significant association with higher risk of alcohol consumption. In addition, among the 18.07% of the participants with cirrhosis, it was observed that risk of cirrhosis increased with higher alcohol consumption. Furthermore, harmful drinkers showed greater odds of hypertension and heart diseases, while hazardous drinkers and harmful drinkers, both had greater odds of hyperlipidemia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Overall our analyses indicated that among the patients with liver disease in China, there was high rate of alcohol consumption and dependence. Alcohol consumption usually associated with men <40 years old, higher family income, education level, living alone, high BMI, and smoking. Increased alcohol consumption not only increased the risk of cirrhosis, but also enhanced the risk of hypertension, heart diseases, and hyperlipidemia.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alcohol Drinking , Alcoholism , Cross-Sectional Studies , Liver Diseases , SmokingABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the influence and mechanism of HBV core region mutation on HLA-I expression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eukaryotic expression vectors of HBV core region mutations L97, G87 and V60 were constructed and transfected into HepG2 cells. Then the expressions of HLA-I were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. The mRNA of antigen-presentation-associated genes, including LMP2, TAP1 and tapasin, were measured using RT-PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Different levels of HBsAg in the supernatants of transfected cells were detected by ELISA. The HBsAg of the mutated groups was markedly higher than that of the wild ones. All the transfected cells expressed HLA-I molecules, especially the L97 group. It was also found that the mRNA of TAP1 gene was up-regulated, while the mRNA of LMP and tapasin genes had no changes.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The core region mutation of HBV can lower the expression of HBsAg; mutated groups and wild ones both can increase the expression of HLA-I molecules. The up-regulation of TAP1 gene expression might be the cause of these changes.</p>